Barbados Tourism Minister New CTO Chairman
Barbados tourism minister is new cto chairman, marking a significant shift in the island nation’s tourism leadership. This appointment promises to reshape Barbados’s approach to attracting both domestic and international tourists, potentially impacting everything from marketing campaigns to operational changes within the tourism industry.
The new chairman’s background and experience in tourism, combined with the history of the CTO, will be crucial factors to consider when analyzing the potential implications of this leadership change for the island’s vital tourism sector.
Background of the Minister and the Role
The recent appointment of the Barbados Tourism Minister as the new Chairman of the Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) marks a significant moment for the region’s tourism industry. This appointment underscores the importance of a strong and dedicated leader to navigate the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities within the tourism sector. The minister’s background and experience will be crucial in shaping the future direction of the CTO.The Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) plays a vital role in promoting and developing tourism within the Caribbean region.
Its leadership sets the stage for collaboration, advocacy, and innovation within the tourism industry, impacting the economic well-being of numerous islands. The new chairman’s background in tourism will undoubtedly influence the organization’s strategy and approach.
Ministerial Background
The current tourism minister has a proven track record in public service, with a distinguished career spanning [number] years. Prior to assuming their current ministerial role, the minister held positions of significant responsibility, including [previous roles]. These previous roles provided valuable insights into the intricacies of policy development and implementation, essential for effective leadership within the tourism sector. The minister’s expertise in [specific area of expertise] will be instrumental in guiding the CTO’s strategic direction.
Ministerial Responsibilities
The tourism minister’s responsibilities encompass a wide range of activities aimed at fostering the growth and sustainability of Barbados’ tourism sector. These include:
- Formulating and implementing tourism policies aligned with national development goals.
- Managing the allocation of resources dedicated to tourism development.
- Promoting Barbados as a premier tourist destination through targeted marketing campaigns.
- Engaging with stakeholders across the tourism value chain to address challenges and leverage opportunities.
History of the CTO Chairmanship
The CTO Chairmanship is a position of significant influence within the Caribbean tourism community. The role requires a deep understanding of the nuances of the tourism sector, strong interpersonal skills, and a commitment to regional collaboration. Previous chairmen have played crucial roles in shaping the organization’s trajectory, fostering regional partnerships, and addressing critical industry challenges. The position has a history of promoting sustainable tourism practices and advocating for the needs of Caribbean destinations.
Significance of the Appointment
This appointment carries substantial weight for the tourism sector in the Caribbean region. The minister’s experience in tourism, coupled with their dedication to Barbados’s economic development, suggests a commitment to advancing the sector’s interests within the CTO. The minister’s leadership is expected to bring a fresh perspective and innovative approaches to addressing regional challenges, ultimately contributing to the long-term success and sustainability of Caribbean tourism.
Barbados’ new tourism minister taking the helm as CTO chairman is certainly exciting news. It’ll be interesting to see how this impacts the island’s tourism scene, especially given the recent accolades for adventure travel on cruise ships like the American Queen Ocean Victory, which has won praise for its focus on adventure options. This new focus on exciting excursions, as seen on ships like American Queen Ocean Victory , should hopefully boost Barbados’ appeal to a wider range of travelers.
The new CTO chairman’s leadership will be key to maximizing these opportunities for the island’s future.
The appointment represents a vote of confidence in the minister’s ability to navigate the complex landscape of the Caribbean tourism sector and to lead the CTO to new heights.
Implications for Barbados Tourism
The appointment of a new Chairman of the Tourism Corporation of Barbados presents a significant opportunity for the island’s tourism sector. This fresh perspective, coupled with the Minister’s firsthand experience, could lead to innovative strategies and improved outcomes for Barbados’s tourism economy. The new leadership promises to be a catalyst for positive change, bringing fresh ideas and potentially driving a significant shift in the way Barbados is perceived globally.The impact of this appointment extends beyond mere personnel changes.
It represents a crucial step in aligning the tourism strategy with current market trends and challenges, aiming to optimize Barbados’s unique strengths and capitalise on opportunities for growth. This focus on strategic alignment should translate into tangible improvements in the visitor experience and overall tourism performance.
Potential Impact on Tourism Strategy
The new chairman’s approach to tourism will likely influence Barbados’s marketing campaigns, potentially leading to a more targeted and effective strategy. This might involve a shift in focus from broad, general advertising to a more niche approach, emphasizing specific aspects of Barbados that resonate with particular target demographics. For example, focusing on the island’s wellness offerings to attract health-conscious travellers or highlighting the culinary scene to appeal to foodies.
Effects on Tourist Attraction
The new leadership will likely aim to improve the visitor experience by addressing potential weaknesses in the current system. This could include enhancing infrastructure, improving customer service standards, and diversifying attractions. For instance, investing in eco-tourism initiatives could attract environmentally conscious travellers, while upgrading facilities at popular tourist destinations could improve visitor satisfaction. Domestic tourism could also be a key area of focus, offering incentives and promoting the island to Barbadians.
Potential Focus Areas for New Leadership
The new chairman’s likely focus areas will include: enhancing the visitor experience through improvements in infrastructure and service quality; diversifying tourism offerings to attract a wider range of visitors; promoting Barbados as a sustainable tourism destination; and strengthening partnerships with local businesses to ensure a positive and profitable environment for all stakeholders.
Influence on Tourism Marketing Campaigns
The marketing campaigns will likely undergo a transformation, reflecting the new strategy. This could mean a shift towards more targeted advertising campaigns, focusing on specific demographics and interests, and employing innovative marketing tools and technologies. For example, the use of social media influencers to showcase the island’s unique offerings to a wider audience. Also, using data analytics to tailor campaigns and measure their effectiveness.
Anticipated Changes in Tourism Industry Operations
Changes in operations could include improved coordination between tourism stakeholders, enhanced training for tourism professionals, and the development of new partnerships with local businesses. This could lead to more efficient service delivery, higher quality experiences, and better integration between tourism offerings and the local community. Streamlining processes and promoting a culture of customer service excellence would also be anticipated outcomes.
Potential Challenges and Opportunities: Barbados Tourism Minister Is New Cto Chairman
The appointment of a new chairman for the Barbados Tourism Authority (BTA) presents a unique opportunity to revitalize the island’s tourism sector. However, navigating the complex landscape of global tourism and the ever-evolving needs of visitors will demand both foresight and adaptability. This role is critical in a sector that is highly sensitive to global events and economic shifts.
The new chairman will need to address potential challenges head-on while capitalizing on emerging opportunities.
Potential Challenges for the New Chairman
The new chairman will inherit a sector already facing numerous challenges. Competition from other Caribbean destinations is fierce, and the tourism industry is susceptible to external factors such as economic downturns, political instability, and natural disasters. Maintaining Barbados’s reputation as a premier tourist destination in the face of these challenges will require proactive strategies.
- Maintaining Barbados’s high standards of service and safety is crucial. This involves ongoing training for staff, ensuring compliance with safety regulations, and fostering a welcoming environment for visitors from all backgrounds.
- The chairman must also manage potential shifts in visitor preferences. The rise of eco-tourism, sustainable travel, and experiences that cater to diverse interests will necessitate a dynamic approach to marketing and product development. A lack of adaptation to these trends could leave Barbados lagging behind competitors.
- Adapting to fluctuating global economic conditions is a significant challenge. Economic downturns can significantly impact visitor numbers, necessitating strategies to attract visitors during times of economic uncertainty. Developing creative packages and offering competitive pricing will be essential.
Potential Opportunities Arising from the Appointment
The new chairman’s appointment provides a fresh perspective and the chance to implement innovative strategies. This includes forging new partnerships and collaborations to enhance the tourism product.
- The new chairman can spearhead efforts to diversify Barbados’s tourism offerings. This might involve developing new attractions, enhancing existing ones, and promoting lesser-known areas of the island. A successful diversification strategy can strengthen Barbados’s appeal to a broader range of tourists.
- Developing partnerships with local communities and businesses will be crucial. This approach will support local economies and foster a more authentic visitor experience. It can lead to more inclusive tourism and support the island’s culture and heritage.
- The chairman can leverage digital marketing and social media platforms to reach a wider audience. This can involve creating engaging content, utilizing targeted advertising, and building a strong online presence. This is vital in attracting tourists in a digitally driven world.
Issues Concerning the Tourism Sector’s Future
The future of the tourism sector in Barbados hinges on its ability to adapt to emerging trends. It’s imperative to proactively address potential challenges and seize opportunities.
- Climate change is a significant threat to the tourism sector. Rising sea levels, increased hurricane activity, and other climate-related events can negatively impact infrastructure and visitor confidence. Strategies for resilience and adaptation are crucial for the long-term health of the sector.
- The increasing competition from other Caribbean islands and global destinations requires a strong marketing strategy to maintain Barbados’s appeal. Promoting unique selling points and differentiating the island’s tourism offerings will be essential.
- Maintaining a positive image of Barbados as a safe and welcoming destination is paramount. This requires proactive measures to address any concerns or negative perceptions. This can involve enhancing security measures and fostering positive interactions between locals and visitors.
Potential Influence of Regional or International Events
Regional and international events can significantly impact Barbados’s tourism. Understanding these influences is crucial for proactive planning.
- Global economic downturns and political instability can significantly affect visitor numbers. The new chairman needs to develop strategies to attract tourists during periods of economic uncertainty. This can involve promoting Barbados as a value destination.
- Major international events or crises can influence travel patterns. The chairman needs to be prepared for shifts in tourist demand. Developing flexible marketing strategies will be essential.
- Regional developments, such as infrastructure projects or new attractions in neighboring islands, can impact visitor flows. The chairman must monitor these trends and develop strategies to maintain Barbados’s competitiveness.
Examples of Potential Success Stories in Tourism
Success stories from similar situations offer valuable insights and inspiration.
- Destinations that have successfully diversified their tourism offerings have seen significant growth. For example, [Name of a successful destination] successfully attracted a wider range of tourists by offering a variety of experiences, from adventure tourism to cultural immersion. This strategy can be replicated in Barbados.
- Islands that have proactively addressed climate change concerns have demonstrated resilience and visitor confidence. For example, [Name of a successful destination] has implemented measures to mitigate the impact of climate change on its tourism infrastructure. Barbados can learn from these successful approaches.
- Destinations that have prioritized digital marketing and social media engagement have successfully reached new audiences. For example, [Name of a successful destination] effectively used digital platforms to showcase its unique offerings and attract international visitors. This strategy is applicable to Barbados’s marketing efforts.
Comparison with Previous Leadership
Stepping into the shoes of a tourism industry leader is never easy, especially when the past has left a trail of both successes and challenges. This comparison will explore the differences and similarities between the new chairman and their predecessor, analyzing potential shifts in approach and the likely impact on Barbados’ tourism sector.A thorough understanding of past leadership is crucial for anticipating future developments.
Examining previous successes and failures allows for a more nuanced assessment of the new chairman’s potential strategies and provides a framework for evaluating the likely trajectory of Barbados’ tourism sector.
Background and Approach Differences
The new chairman’s background and approach to tourism will undoubtedly influence their strategies compared to their predecessor. Differences in professional experience, industry connections, and management styles can create distinct directions for tourism policy. For instance, a background heavily rooted in finance might lead to a focus on economic sustainability, while a history in hospitality could emphasize guest experience.
Understanding these potential differences helps anticipate the future of Barbados’ tourism.
Potential Shifts in Tourism Policy
The shift in leadership presents an opportunity to re-evaluate and potentially reshape existing tourism policies. The new chairman might introduce innovative approaches, prioritize different segments of the market, or focus on particular areas within the industry. This might involve new marketing strategies, targeted investment initiatives, or a revised emphasis on sustainability.
Similarities and Differences in Leadership Styles, Barbados tourism minister is new cto chairman
Leadership styles can significantly impact the overall approach to tourism. The new chairman’s leadership style might echo elements of the previous leader’s style or introduce a completely new approach. For example, a focus on community engagement might be similar, but the emphasis on technology-driven solutions could be different. Recognizing these potential similarities and differences is vital for understanding the possible changes in approach.
Barbados’ tourism minister taking the helm as the new CTO chairman is definitely exciting news. This appointment comes at a crucial time, as air travel is clearly a key factor in boosting tourism across the Caribbean. It’s interesting to see how this aligns with Jamaica’s confidence in a winter arrivals boost, as highlighted in this insightful article on airlift a priority as jamaica confident of winter arrivals boost.
The Barbados minister’s leadership will likely play a significant role in future regional tourism strategies.
Continuity or Change in Tourism Direction
The continuity or change in the direction of Barbados’ tourism industry will depend on the alignment between the new chairman’s vision and the existing framework. A strong emphasis on maintaining successful aspects of the previous strategy, alongside innovative new approaches, could lead to a positive outcome.
Barbados’ tourism minister taking on the new CTO chairman role is exciting news, highlighting the island’s commitment to tourism. It’s inspiring to see such leadership, especially considering the recent recognition given to dozens of graduates honored at a transformational leadership ceremony, here. This new chapter for the tourism minister suggests a forward-thinking approach to the sector, setting the stage for innovative strategies and growth.
Previous Leadership Successes and Failures
Previous tourism leadership’s successes and failures offer valuable insights for the future. Successes, such as attracting a specific type of tourist or achieving record visitor numbers, can be emulated or built upon. Failures, such as environmental concerns or economic downturns, can be studied to identify potential pitfalls and prevent their repetition. A careful review of the past will aid in making informed predictions about the future of the sector.
For example, if a past failure was a lack of diversification in the tourism offerings, the new chairman might focus on attracting different market segments or developing unique experiences.
Public Perception and Reactions
The appointment of the Barbados Tourism Minister as the new CTO chairman is likely to spark a range of public reactions, from cautious optimism to outright skepticism. Public perception will be shaped by various factors, including prior performance, perceived leadership qualities, and the broader economic climate. Understanding these potential reactions is crucial for effective communication and managing expectations.Public sentiment will be influenced by the perceived ability of the new chairman to address current challenges and capitalize on opportunities within the tourism sector.
This will also depend on how the appointment is framed by the government and the tourism authority.
Anticipated Public Reactions
The public’s response to the appointment will likely be varied. Some may express excitement, viewing the new chairman as a potential catalyst for growth and innovation in the sector. Others may remain skeptical, questioning the effectiveness of the appointment, particularly if past leadership has faced criticism. There may also be a segment of the population expressing concerns about the potential impact on job opportunities and local businesses.
The appointment could also elicit responses based on personal preferences and political affiliations.
Examples of Similar Appointments and their Public Reception
Previous appointments of tourism ministers or heads of tourism organizations have often been met with mixed reactions. Some appointments have been lauded for their industry experience and perceived ability to drive positive change, while others have drawn criticism for lacking relevant expertise or facing ethical concerns. The public’s reaction often depends on the specific context and the individual’s track record.
Barbados’ tourism minister taking the helm as the new CTO chairman is exciting news, especially considering the recent opening of a stunning new beach resort, like the Alohilani Waikiki Beach, alohilani waikiki beach makes its opening official. This new development promises to boost tourism further, which is great news for the island and hopefully the new CTO chairman can leverage this positive momentum for future growth.
For instance, the appointment of a well-known and respected figure in the tourism industry often leads to a more positive public reception compared to a less experienced or less recognizable individual. This response pattern can be observed in various sectors and jurisdictions.
Social Media Trends and Discussions
Social media will undoubtedly play a significant role in shaping public perception of the appointment. Discussions on platforms like Twitter and Facebook will likely focus on the new chairman’s background, past performance, and perceived suitability for the role. Positive and negative comments, news articles, and social media posts will be influential in shaping public opinion. This can be further amplified by influencers and tourism enthusiasts who will express their perspectives and opinions.
Trends related to the appointment could emerge, such as the use of hashtags and memes.
Media Coverage of the Appointment
The media will likely cover the appointment in detail, focusing on the minister’s background, the chairman’s responsibilities, and potential impacts on Barbados’ tourism sector. News outlets will analyze the appointment’s implications for Barbados’ economic development and investor confidence. Reporters will seek expert opinions from tourism analysts and stakeholders. Depending on the tone of the coverage, the appointment could be framed positively or negatively, further influencing public perception.
Influence on Investor Confidence
The appointment of the tourism minister as the new CTO chairman could potentially affect investor confidence in Barbados. A well-received appointment and demonstrated commitment to the tourism sector can boost investor confidence, attracting further investment in tourism-related ventures. Conversely, a perceived lack of competence or a negative public reaction could deter investors. This will be reflected in investment decisions related to hotels, resorts, and other tourism-related businesses.
The success of the new chairman will directly impact the confidence of investors and businesses considering Barbados as a potential investment destination.
Structure for a Concise Summary
A new tourism chief often marks a pivotal moment for a destination. Understanding the implications, challenges, and potential for growth requires a structured approach to synthesize the information. This section will present a concise summary of the new CTO chairman’s appointment, focusing on key aspects, their potential impact on Barbados, and a comparison with previous leadership.
Minister’s Background and Tourism Impact
This table Artikels the tourism minister’s background and how it might influence Barbados’ tourism sector.
| Aspect | Description | Impact | Key Takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Education and Experience | The minister holds a degree in [Relevant field, e.g., Business Administration] and has [Number] years of experience in [Relevant sector, e.g., the hospitality industry]. Previous roles include [List key roles and responsibilities]. | Their prior experience in [Specific sector] may bring a unique perspective and potentially streamline decision-making processes related to tourism development. | Expertise in [Specific area] may directly translate into strategic improvements for the tourism sector. |
| Policy Stance | Public statements and past actions indicate a [Positive/Negative/Neutral] stance on tourism development, with a focus on [Specific areas, e.g., sustainability, diversification, or marketing]. | A positive stance could lead to increased investment and attract new tourism initiatives. A negative stance could potentially deter investment and hinder growth. | The minister’s approach to tourism policy sets the tone for the future direction of Barbados’ tourism industry. |
| Public Image | Public perception of the minister, based on past performance and public statements, is [Positive/Negative/Neutral]. | A positive public image could build trust and confidence among stakeholders, attracting both investors and tourists. A negative image could damage the reputation of the island. | Public perception plays a significant role in shaping the image of the island and influencing the tourism sector. |
Potential Challenges and Opportunities
This table explores potential challenges and opportunities arising from the new leadership, and their potential implications for Barbados’ tourism industry.
| Aspect | Description | Impact | Key Takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Challenges | Potential challenges include addressing [Specific issue, e.g., high crime rates], maintaining [Specific aspect, e.g., environmental standards], or navigating [Specific economic concern, e.g., rising fuel costs]. | These issues could negatively impact the tourism sector if not addressed effectively. Increased crime rates could deter tourists, while environmental concerns might impact sustainability efforts. | Addressing these challenges proactively is crucial for maintaining Barbados’ tourism appeal. |
| Opportunities | Opportunities include developing [Specific initiative, e.g., new eco-tourism ventures], exploring [Specific niche, e.g., adventure tourism], or enhancing [Specific area, e.g., digital marketing strategies]. | Successful exploitation of these opportunities could lead to increased revenue and diversification of the tourism sector. New initiatives could attract specific market segments. | Seizing opportunities for innovation and diversification can bolster Barbados’ tourism industry. |
Comparative Analysis of Previous and Current Leadership
This table presents a comparative analysis of the previous and current leadership, highlighting key differences and similarities.
Barbados’ tourism minister taking the helm as the new CTO chairman is definitely exciting news. It’s a huge step for the island’s tourism sector, and with the recent updates to the Norwegian Joy after its China trip, for example, after china sojourn norwegian joy updated for alaska , it’s clear that the global travel industry is constantly evolving.
This new leadership should help Barbados stay ahead of the curve in attracting tourists.
| Aspect | Previous Leadership | Current Leadership | Key Takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Approach to Tourism Development | [Describe previous leadership’s approach, e.g., focused on attracting mass tourism]. | [Describe current leadership’s approach, e.g., prioritizing sustainable and diversified tourism]. | The shift in approach suggests a potential change in the overall tourism strategy. |
| Public Perception | [Describe public perception of previous leadership, e.g., mixed reactions]. | [Describe public perception of current leadership, e.g., largely positive]. | Public perception of the new leader is considerably different from the previous one. |
| Successes and Failures | [List notable successes and failures of previous leadership]. | [List potential successes and areas for improvement of current leadership]. | Past experiences offer insights for evaluating the potential success of the new leadership. |
Public Perception and Reactions
This table summarizes the public perception and reactions to the new CTO chairman.
| Aspect | Description | Impact | Key Takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Sentiment | Initial reactions to the appointment were [Positive/Negative/Mixed]. | Positive sentiment could translate into increased investment and tourist interest. Negative sentiment might deter investment and negatively impact tourism. | The initial public response gives insight into the public’s trust in the new leader. |
| Specific Concerns/Comments | Public concerns included [Specific issues, e.g., concerns about sustainability or the impact on local communities]. | These concerns need to be addressed to build public trust and maintain a positive image for Barbados. | Addressing concerns directly is vital for maintaining a positive image and attracting investment. |
| Media Coverage | Media coverage of the appointment was [Positive/Negative/Neutral] and highlighted [Specific themes, e.g., the new leader’s experience]. | Positive coverage can enhance the reputation of the island and attract attention. Negative coverage could damage the image of the island. | Media coverage shapes public opinion and influences the tourism sector. |
Visual Representation of Data
A new chapter in Barbados tourism is unfolding, with the appointment of a new chairman of the tourism board. Visualizing the potential impact, both positive and challenging, is crucial for understanding the future trajectory. This section explores the use of infographics to represent key data and insights.
Tourism Impact Infographic
This infographic will be a dynamic representation of Barbados’ tourism sector. It will feature a visually appealing map of Barbados, highlighting key tourism areas. Within this map, clickable icons will represent hotels, resorts, attractions, and significant events. Data points, including the number of visitors, average stay length, and spending per visitor, will be displayed as interactive elements, allowing users to drill down into specific areas and see trends.
This visualization will clearly show the potential for increased visitor numbers and revenue streams, based on the minister’s experience and strategies. A comparison graph will illustrate the historical tourism performance of Barbados, showing a baseline against which to measure future projections.
Minister’s Experience Chart
This chart will be a timeline highlighting the minister’s past roles and responsibilities. It will clearly show the years and dates of their tenure in each position. Using icons and colors, the chart will visually categorize different roles (e.g., government positions, private sector involvement, and any relevant committees). The chart will showcase the minister’s track record in leadership, policy development, and management within the tourism sector.
Quantifiable achievements, like increased tourism revenue or successful marketing campaigns, will be included as numerical data points for each role. This clear and concise visual will provide a strong foundation for assessing their potential to lead the tourism board effectively.
Tourism Board History Infographic
A comprehensive infographic illustrating the history of the tourism board will include a timeline showcasing significant events and milestones. Key figures and their contributions will be visually represented, emphasizing the evolution of the board’s strategies and achievements. This will include charts showing the historical visitor numbers, revenue generated, and market share over time. Visual comparisons of different eras in tourism, such as pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods, will be shown with contrasting colors to highlight the shifts in the industry.
This historical overview will provide context for understanding the current challenges and opportunities facing Barbados’ tourism sector.
Potential Revenue Impact Chart
This chart will visually represent projected tourism revenue increases. It will show a clear comparison between predicted revenue growth under the new chairman and historical revenue data. Using a bar chart or line graph, the expected revenue will be displayed for the next 3-5 years. Different revenue streams (e.g., hotel occupancy, air traffic, and visitor spending) will be color-coded and clearly labeled.
This chart will demonstrate the potential positive impact of the new leadership on Barbados’ tourism revenue. For example, if the prediction shows a 10% increase in tourism revenue, the chart would highlight this growth.
Final Summary
In conclusion, the appointment of the Barbados tourism minister as the new CTO chairman presents both exciting opportunities and potential challenges for Barbados’s tourism sector. The minister’s background, the CTO’s history, and the anticipated public response will all play a critical role in shaping the future trajectory of tourism in Barbados. This new leadership promises a dynamic period for the industry, and the coming months will be pivotal in evaluating the impact of this strategic move.
FAQ Summary
What are the minister’s key qualifications for this role?
The Artikel provided details the minister’s background, previous roles, and experience within the tourism sector, highlighting qualifications pertinent to the CTO chairman position.
How might this appointment affect investor confidence?
The minister’s reputation and track record, as well as the overall stability of the Barbados tourism industry, are likely to influence investor confidence in the island’s future.
What is the history of the CTO and how does it relate to this appointment?
The Artikel mentions the history of the CTO position, which provides context for understanding the significance of this particular appointment.
What are some potential challenges for the new chairman?
The Artikel anticipates potential challenges, such as managing competing priorities within the tourism sector, navigating complex political landscapes, and adapting to unforeseen circumstances.
